The captain of one of the aircraft carriers involved in the war game, USS Yorktown, said success in battle was more likely under a broad mandate. On several occasions in Fleet Problem XXI, commanders demonstrated “great flexibility not only in organization, but also in command and control, communications, planning, and staff work”, according to a study by historian Albert Nofi. ![]() into World War II.īut the wide latitude to act that was given to commanders during all of the Fleet Problems, including XXI, was retained and used to significant effect during World War II. It showed that Hawaii could be attacked, and also defended - a lesson that was of little use on December 7, 1941, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor without warning and launched the U.S. Several earlier exercises had considered Japan a likely enemy, but with World War II already underway in Europe and tensions with Tokyo rising, Japan was clearly in the sights of U.S. Like similar exercises going back to 1923, it tested ideas of offensive and defensive naval warfare. ![]() Navy exercise conducted in the Pacific near the Hawaiian Islands in April and May of 1940.
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